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Biomass
Biomass is renewable, found abundantly and contributes about 11% to the world’s energy demand. It has been...read more
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Coal
Coal Energy is a form of energy that is natural and comes directly from the Earth. It is a...read more
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Geothermal
Geothermal energy is clean and sustainable and is derived from the natural heat of the Earth which...read more
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Hydro
Hydro energy is a renewable source of energy derived from moving water. Water flowing in ...read more
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Natural gas
Natural gas is a gaseous fossil fuel consisting primarily of methane (CH4), it can also include ethane...read more
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Nuclear
The energy released by nuclear reaction is called nuclear energy. Nuclear energy is released from...read more
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Petroleum
Petroleum, in one form or another, has been used since ancient times, and is now important...read more
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Solar
ndia is endowed with rich solar energy resource. It receives the highest global solar radiation...read more
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Wind
Wind energy is the kinetic energy associated with the movement of atmospheric air. It is...read more
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Biomass is renewable, found abundantly and contributes about 11% to the world’s
energy demand. It has been one of the main energy sources since the beginning of
civilization. Biomass is derived from the by-products of various sources like household
waste, wood waste, agricultural crops like corn and sugarcane, forest residues and
other human and natural activities. It can either be used directly as an energy
or converted into other energy products. The recent years have shown the increase
in biomass production by many countries due to the many benefits it offers. A study
indicates that, by 2050, 15-50% of the worlds primary energy use could come from
biomass.
Biomass materials are renewable resources and they can be grown and generated again
and again. Biomass is carbon based which composes of hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen
and other forms of atoms. Biomass can be converted into other energy sources like
gas, fuel and electricity. It can be turned into biofuel and used as energy in homes
and vehicles through chemical conversion. Municipal wastes such as food waste, paper
etc. are composted, a process which produces and captures heat, and can be used
as energy. Solid wastes decomposed in oxygen-deprived environment produces methane
which can be collected, treated and used to produce electricity and heat.
Biomass for Power and Heat
Combustion : The primary approach for generating electricity from biomass is combustion
direct-firing. It converts renewable biomass fuels to heat and electricity similar
to the processes used with fossil fuels. In this process, biomass fuel is burned
in a boiler to produce high pressure-steam. This steam is introduced into a steam
turbine, where it flows over a series of turbine blades, causing the turbine to
rotate. The turbine is connected to an electric generator. The steam flows over
and turns the turbine which then rotates the generator and electricity is produced.
Combined Heat and Power: Biomass-fired steam turbine plants are located near industrial
sites like paper mills, which have a steady supply of biomass available. The waste
heat from these factories can be recovered and used for industrial heat needs. Combined
heat and power facilities (CHP) are highly resource efficient and provide increased
level of energy services per unit of biomass consumed compared to other facilities
that generate only power. In CHP, more than four-fifths of the fuel energy is converted
into usable energy which results in both economic and environmental benefits.
Biogas
Gasification: Biomass can be converted into gas and can be used for a broader range
of energy devices. Biogas can be used directly for heating or cooking, converted
to electricity or used as a synthetic gas for producing higher quality fuels or
chemical products like hydrogen or methanol. Gasifiers operate by heating biomass
in an environment where the solid biomass breaks down to form a flammable gas. The
biogas can be cleaned and filtered to remove problem chemical compounds and then
the gas can be used in more efficient power generation systems called combined cycles,
which combine gas turbines and steam turbines to produce electricity.
Anaerobic Digestion : The recycling and treatment of wet organic wastes and water
wastes is called anaerobic digestion. It ferments and converts organic materials
into biogas which mainly consists of methane and carbon dioxide. Any biomass except
lignin(component of wood), can be converted into gas. Gas obtained from anaerobic
digestion can be used directly for both cooking and heating. Conversion of animal
wastes and manures to biogas results in significant health and environmental benefits.
Biofuels
Biofuels includes biodiesel and bioethanol. Biodiesel is based on esterification
of plant oils and ethanol is derived from sugar, maize and other starchy crops.
Biodiesel can be used in its pure form or it may be blended with petroleum diesel
for use in most modern diesel engines. Ethanol is most widely used as a fuel for
transportation or as a fuel additive.
Advantages
- Biomass energy is inexhaustible and renewable.
- Easily available resource.
- Fewer emissions than fossil fuel sources.
- Can be used in diesel engines.
- Auto engines easily convert to run on biomass fuel.
Disadvantages
- Source must be near usage to cut transportation costs.
- Extraction of biomass is very expensive.
- Emits some pollution as gas/liquid waste.
- Increases emissions of nitrogen oxides, an air pollutant.
- Uses some fossil fuels in conversion.
In India, about 32% of the total primary energy use is derived from biomass and
more than 70% of its population depends upon it for its energy needs. Biomass has
always been one of the most important energy sources for India due to its wide availability,
renewability and its potential to provide significant employment in the rural areas.
The government has initiated a number of programmes for the promotion of biomass
use in various sectors of the economy. India generates more than 5000 million units
of biomass every year and attracts more than Rs. 600 crores in investments. Biomass
materials used for power generation include bagasse, rice husk, straw, cotton stalk,
coconut shells, soya husk, de-oiled cakes, coffee waste, jute wastes, groundnut
shells, saw dust etc.
Biomass is a versatile energy source and people around the world have used and continue
to use woodstoves to heat their homes and for cooking-making biomass one of the
most common forms of energy. A World Bank study shows that about 50-60% of the energy
in developing countries of Asia and 70-90% in African countries comes from biomass.
Compared to other renewable, biomass resources are most common and widespread across
the globe. Due to the increasing price of fossil fuels, growing environmental concerns
and considerations regarding the security of energy, the production of biomass and
biofuel has grown rapidly.
Bioenergy is the most important renewable energy option, both at present, as well
as in the near- and medium-term future. It will therefore play a crucial part in
integrated systems of future energy supply and will be a valuable element of a new
energy mix. Biomass has the potential to become the world’s largest and most sustainable
energy source and will be very much in demand.
Coal Energy is a form of energy that is natural and comes directly from the Earth.
It is a nonrenewable energy source and it takes millions of years to form. Coal
is an important natural source of energy and is developed from plant and vegetative
life that has been buried in the Earth’s crust many millions of years ago. The vegetation
that created coal was compressed at high pressures and created an element known
as peat. This peat eventually turned into coal. Because coal is a fossil fuel, it
is able to be burned, and this is what creates coal energy.
Coal is a complex mixture of organic chemical substances containing carbon, hydrogen
and oxygen in chemical combination, together with smaller amounts of nitrogen and
sulfur. Coal is a valuable and abundant fossil fuel resource found all over the
world. Several forms of coal exist in the world, anthracite, bituminous coal, lignite,
and sub-bituminous coal are all different types that are used.
Coal may be burned directly for heat or cooking, but the most significant uses are
in electricity generation, steel production, cement manufacturing and as a liquid
fuel. It had been heavily used to heat homes and power locomotives and factories.
Power plants burn coal to produce energy in the form of heat for changing water
to steam. The steam turns the blades of a turbine which spins a generator to produce
electricity. Coal energy also provides an abundance of chemicals that can be used
in many manufacturing process to create nylon, plastics, aspirin, paints, synthetic
rubbers, and many other useful items we use every day.
Advantages
- Abundant supply.
- Inexpensive to extract.
- Reliable and capable of generating large amounts of power.
- Ability to be used directly as well as transformed into liquid or gas form.
Disadvantages
- Emits greenhouse gases/acid rain.
- Pollution from coal burning poses health hazard.
- Non-renewability.
- Environmental impact from burning and mining.
Coal is the most important and abundant source of energy in India. It accounts for
55% of the country's energy need. Indian coal offers a unique ecofriendly fuel source
to domestic energy market for the next century and beyond. It is reported that hard
coal deposit spread over 27 major coalfields in India are mainly confined to eastern
and south central parts of the country. The lignite reserves stands at a level of
around 36 billion tones. In global scenario, the Indian coal industry is the fourth
largest in terms of coal reserves and third largest in terms of coal production
in the world. It is apparent that our electricity generation programme will continue
to be heavily coal dependent at least for the next three to four decades.
There is an estimate of 847 billion tons of proven coal reserves spread throughout
different parts of the world, which is expected to last for the next 118 years.
The United States has the largest coal reserves followed by Russia, China and India.
The world’s largest exporter of coal is Australia with the amount of 298 million
tons in 2010.
Geothermal energy is clean and sustainable and is derived from the natural heat
of the Earth which generated in the Earth’s core. Geothermal is a renewable energy
source because rainfall replenishes the water and heat is continuously produced
deep within the Earth. It has been used for thousands of years in some countries
for cooking and heating. Hot rocks found beneath the Earth’s surface are the main
source for geothermal energy.
High temperatures are continuously produced inside the Earth which heats the waters
and produces steam. Magma (layers of melted rock from the Earth’s crust) deep in
the Earth’s core heats nearby rock and rainwater that has seeped into the ground.
Some of this hot water reaches the Earth’s surface in the form of geysers or hot
springs. But most stays trapped in porous rocks and cracks underground in what are
called geothermal reservoirs.
Geothermal energy can be used directly to:
- heat buildings.
- grow crops in greenhouses.
- melt snow on sidewalks.
- pasteurize milk.
- wash wool.
- aid aquaculture, such as breeding fish.
- spin a turbine to generate electricity.
Advantages
- Minimal environmental impact.
- Efficient.
- Power plants have low emissions.
- Low cost after the initial investment.
Disadvantages
- Geothermal fields found in few areas around the world.
- Expensive start-up costs.
- Wells could eventually be depleted.
- Low cost after the initial investment.
The Geological Survey of India has identified more than 350 geothermal sites in
India with Northwestern Himalayas and the Western coast as the hot spots. The estimated
potential for geothermal energy production in India is 10600 MW. Puga valley of
Ladakh is considered the most promising location for exploring geothermal energy.
The exploration and study of geothermal fields started in 1970. The Central government
has planned on coming out with a policy which would increase the exploration and
utilization of geothermal energy in India.
Magneto-telluric investigations in Tattapani geothermal area in Madhya Pradesh Magneto-telluric
investigations in Puga geothermal area in Ladakh region,Jammu & Kashmir.
Geothermal energy is generated in more than 20 countries across the world. The United
States is the largest producer in the world and it has the potential to meet 10%
of the country’s total electricity demands by 2050. Other major geothermal energy
producing countries are New Zealand, Italy, Iceland, Mexico, the Philippines, Indonesia
and Japan.
Hydro energy is a renewable source of energy derived from moving water. Water flowing
in rivers, water streams in the mountains and man-made installations are the sources
of hydro energy. Hydro energy has been used for many centuries, dating back to the
Greeks, its use and how it is derived has also been changing gradually according
to human needs. The most common method of producing electricity from water is hydroelectric
dams where water coming down through an area causes turbines to rotate and the energy
is captured to run a generator which converts the mechanical energy into electrical
energy
Growing populations and modern technologies require vast amounts of electricity
for creating, building, and expanding, thus hydro energy plays an important role
in the development of nations. Hydro energy is the most important and widely-used
renewable source of energy in the world.
Advantages
- Renewable.
- No emissions.
- Capable of generating large amounts of power.
- Output can be regulated to meet demand.
Disdvantages
- Environmental impacts by changing the environment in the dam area.
- Hydroelectric dams are expensive to build.
- Dams may be affected by drought.
- Potential for floods.
One of the top priorities of the Indian Government is to provide all its citizens
with access to reliable electricity by 2012 because around 40% of India’s population
does not have access to electricity. To serve the rising demand for electricity,
India will need to install an additional 100000 MW of generating capacity and a
large portion of this demand will be acquired from the vast untapped hydropower
resources. India has an immense amount of hydropower potential and ranks among the
top in terms of exploitable hydro-potential in the world.
Hydro energy is one of the most important sources of energy in the world. Countries
like Venezuela, Norway and Paraguay are almost 100% dependent on hydro power for
their energy needs. The world’s largest hydroelectricity plants are situated in
China and South America. Other major hydroelectricity country includes Canada, USA,
Brazil and India.
Natural gas is a gaseous fossil fuel consisting primarily of methane (CH4), it can
also include ethane, propane, butane and pentane. It is a vital component of world’s
supply of energy. It is colorless, shapeless and odorless in its pure form. It is
the cleanest of burning fossil fuels.
Major area of Natural Gas usages:
- Residential Uses- For Cooking, Room heating, clothes dryer.
- Commercial Uses- For Commercial coolers, Commercial cooking, on site generators,
space or water heating.
- Uses in Industry- Providing the base ingredients for such varied products as plastic,
fertilizer, anti-freeze, and fabrics, use for Infra-red heating units, Direct contact
water heaters, Industrial combined heat and water, Industrial Co-firing, etc. Natural
gas has innumerable uses in industry, and new applications are being developed every
day.
- Natural Gas in Transport Sector- Natural gas has been used to fuel vehicles since
the 1930's, Bus, Cars, Autorickshaws.
- Electric Generation Using Natural Gas- Steam generation units, Centralized Gas Turbines,
Combined Cycle units, Distributed generation,Industrial Natural Gas Fired Turbines,
Microturbines, Natural Gas-fired Reciprocating Engines.
Advantages
- Relatively low emissions compared to other fossil fuels ( for the same amount of
heat, produces 30% less carbon dioxide than burning oil and about 45% less than
burning Coal).
- Safely stored and burned.
- Affordable.
- Many Gas mines are still underutilized.
Disadvantages
- Limited supply as a non-renewable sources.
- Tends to be more expensive compared to other fossil fuels.
- Less Concentrated form of energy( 170 cubic metres+1 barrel of Oil).
According to the “Basic Statistics on Indian Petroleum and Natural Gas, 2009-10”
publish by Ministry of Petroleum and Natural Gas, Government of India, New Delhi
(Economic Division) the overall highlights in Petroleum and Natural Gas sector of
India were:
- India has total reserves (proved&indicated) of 1437 billion cubic metres of natural
gas as on 1.4.2010. This includes 608 Bn.Cub.Mtr Off-shore and 829 Bn.Cub.Mtr On-shore
reserves.
- The total number of exploratory and development wells and metreage drilled in onshore
and offshore areas during 2009-10 was 428 and 1019 thousand metres respectively.
- Gross Production of Natural Gas in the country at 47.51 billion cubic metres during
2009-10 is 44.63% higher than the production of 32.85 billion cubic metres during
2008-09.
- The production of Natural Gas at 44.94% and 0.08% of the total were highest and
lowest in JVC/Private and West Bengal respectively during 2009-10.
- The flaring of Natural Gas in 2009-10 at 2.09% of gross production is lower than
at 3.29% in 2008-09.The refining capacity in the country increased to 184.386 million
tonnes per annum (MTPA) as on 1.4.2010 from 177.968 MTPA as on 1.4.2009.
- The main producers of natural gas are Oil & Natural Gas Corporation Ltd. (ONGC),
Oil India Limited (OIL) and JVs of Tapti, Panna-Mukta and Ravva. Under the Production
Sharing Contracts, private parties from some of the fields are also producing gas.
- Out of the total production of around 87 MMSCMD, after internal consumption, extraction
of LPG and unavoidable flaring, around 74 MMSCMD is available for sale to various
consumers
- Most of the production of gas comes from the Western offshore area. The on-shore
fields in Assam, Andhra Pradesh and Gujarat States are other major producers of
gas.
- Natural Gas is currently the source of half of the LPG produced in the country.
Particularly over the last decade, it is being termed as the Fuel of the 21st Century.
- India imported Natural Gas through three (3) Transnational Pipelines viz-a-viz Iran-
Pakistan-India (IPI) Pipeline Project, Myanmar-Bangladesh-India Gas Pipeline Project,
Turkmenistan-Afghanistan-Pakistan (TAP) Pipeline
India's Natural Gas Production shown in the Table shows that the production from
the year 2005 to 2010 were 32.202,31.747,32.417,32.849 and hiked to 47.51 Bn.Cub.Mtr
respectively. At the same time, the Utilisation of India’s Natural gas were 31.325,30.791,31.478,31.77
and hiked to 46.49 Bn.Cub,Mtr respectively from the year 2005 to 2010
- According to US Energy Information Adminstration(EIA) there are 98 Countries producing
dry Natural Gas and the total production was 106471.4873 Billion Cubic Feet in 2009.
- The EIA, in conjunction with the Oil and Gas Journal and World Oil publications,
estimates world proved natural gas reserves to be around 6,609 Trillion Cubic Feet.
As can be seen from the graph, most of these reserves are located in the Middle
East with 2,658 Trillion Cubic Feet, or 40 percent of the world total, and Europe
and the Former U.S.S.R. with 2,331, or 35 percent of total world reserves. The United
States, by this calculation, possesses slightly over 4 percent of the world total
natural gas reserves.
- Britain is Europe’s fastest growing gas importer as it turns to sea-going gas tankers
to make up for declining North Sea fields.
- Japan’s LNG demand may rise by as much as 12 billion cubic meters a year if 10 of
its nuclear reactors remain shut down through 2012.
- The World’s largest and 3rd largest exporter of LNG, Qatar and Indonesia already
agreed to increase shipment to Japan. This may cause more hiked in LNG’s all over
the world.
- According to World economic Forum, Global Liquefied Natural Gas Trade doubled in
the decade from 2000 to 2010 and is expected to increase another 50 percent or more
in the next 10 years
The energy released by nuclear reaction is called nuclear energy. Nuclear energy
is released from the nucleus of an atom, the mass of an atom gets converted into
energy.
Einstein's famous equation helps to calculate the amount of energy released during
a nuclear reaction. This equation is given as:E = mc2 where, E is energy, m is mass,
and c is the speed of light in vacuum.Nuclear energy,also known as atomic energy,
was first discovered by French scientist Henri Becquerel in 1896.
Nuclear energy in one of the most efficient energy, that can be used to achieve
many desired results, provided it's used safely with due precautions.
- Food & Agriculture- Sterile Insect Technique (SIT)for large scale food irrigation
and biological control of pests.
- Human Health- For X-rays, scanning,treatment of Cancer- Radiotherapy and Chemotherapy.
- Nuclear Transport- Military Ships and Submarines use Nuclear Base Propulsion for
staying longer period under water.
- Space & Futuristic Applications- Nuclear fusion has been said to be the holy grail
for generating almost infinite amounts of energy at low cost.
- Electricity- This is the greatest use of Nuclear power using Nuclear fission. WNA
proclaimed that 16 countries depend on it for at least a quarter of their electricity.
Advantages
- Reliability- Nuclear Power is a highly reliable form of energy almost as good as
other fossil fuel energy forms like coal,gas etc.
- Low Fuel Cost- The costs of nuclear fuel is relatively very low compared to other
energy sources like coal and gas.
- Low Electricity Cost-The Electricity produced from Nuclear Power is quite low at
around 3-5c/Kwh making it very attractive to construct hydro plants, having long
lives of between 40-60 years.
- No Greenhouse Gas Emissions/Air Pollution- Nuclear electricity does not produce
any GHG emissions or cause air pollution from the combustion of fossil fuels unlike
coal, oil or gas.
- High Load Factor- Nuclear Power Plants have very high load factors in excess of
80%.They can generate power almost 24/7 and only require shutdown for periodic maintenance.
- Huge Potential- Nuclear reactions release a million times more energy, as compared
to hydro or wind energy. Only Solar Energy can be said to have more potential.
Disadvantages
- Nuclear and Radiation Accidents- This is the biggest con for Nuclear Energy and
has been repeated 3 times in the last 30 years in Japan, Russia and USA.
- Nuclear Waste Disposal- The waste produced after fission reactions contains unstable
elements and is highly radioactive. It is very dangerous to the environment as well
as human health, and remains so, for thousands of years.
- Low level of Radioactivity from Normal Operations- The nuclear industry produces
a large volume of low-level radioactive waste in the form of contaminated items
like clothing, hand tools, water purifier resins, and (upon decommissioning) the
materials of which the reactor itself is built.
- Nuclear proliferation- Many countries have used the ruse of nuclear energy programs
to generate fuel for developing nuclear weapons. They are a major threat to the
world as they can cause a large-scale devastation.
- High Capital Investment,Cost Overruns and Long Gestation Time- The time to construct
a large Nuclear power project can take between 5-10 years which leads to time and
cost overruns.
- Regulations- The Regulations for Nuclear Energy Power Plants are many and cumbersome
due to the massive risks of a failure of a nuclear reactor.
- Fuel Danger-Uranium which is the main fuel used in Nuclear Fission Power Plants
is limited to a few countries and suppliers. Its use and transport is regulated
by international treaties and groups.
Nuclear power is the fourth-largest source of electricity in India after thermal,
hydroelectric and renewable sources of electricity. India’s nuclear power industry
is undergoing rapid expansion with plans to increase nuclear power output to 64,000
MW by 2032. The Indian nuclear power industry is expected to undergo a significant
expansion in the coming years thanks in part to the passing of the U.S – India Civil
Nuclear Agreement. This agreement will allow India to carry out trade of nuclear
fuel and technologies with other countries and significantly enhance its power generation
capacity.
Details of current Nuclear power plant in India
|
Power station
|
State
|
Type
|
Operator
|
Units
|
Total cap(MW)
|
|
Kaiga
|
Karnataka
|
PHWR
|
NPCIL
|
220 x 4
|
880
|
|
Kalpakkam
|
Tamil Nadu
|
PHWR
|
NPCIL
|
220 x 2
|
440
|
|
Kakrapar
|
Gujarat
|
PHWR
|
NPCIL
|
220 x 2
|
440
|
|
Rawatbhata
|
Rajasthan
|
PHWR
|
NPCIL
|
100 x 1 200 x 1 220 x 4
|
1180
|
|
Tarapur
|
Maharashtra
|
BWR (PHWR)
|
NPCIL
|
160 x 2 540 x 2
|
1400
|
|
Narora
|
Uttar Pradesh
|
PHWR
|
NPCIL
|
220 x 2
|
440
|
|
Total
|
|
|
|
20
|
4780
|
Details of Nuclear power plants project under construction in India
|
Power station
|
State
|
Type
|
Operator
|
Units
|
Total cap(MW)
|
|
Kudankulam
|
Tamil Nadu
|
VVER-1000
|
NPCIL
|
1000x2
|
2000
|
|
Kalpakkam
|
Tamil Nadu
|
PHWR
|
BHAVINI
|
500x1
|
500
|
|
Kakrapar
|
Gujarat
|
PHWR
|
NPCIL
|
700 x 2
|
1400
|
|
Rawatbhata
|
Rajasthan
|
PHWR
|
NPCIL
|
700 x 2
|
1400
|
|
Total
|
|
|
|
8
|
5300
|
Large deposits of natural uranium, which promises to be one of the top 20 of the
world's reserves, have been found in the Tummalapalle belt in the southern part
of the Kadapa basin in Andhra Pradesh in March 2011. The Atomic Minerals Directorate
for Exploration and Research (AMD) of India, which explores uranium in the country,
has so far discovered 44,000 tonnes of natural uranium (U3O8) in just 15 km of the
160-km long belt.The MoU signed between NPCIL and AREVA on 4th February 2009 for
Nuclear Power Plant is under reconsideration due to resistance from civil society.
- The first commercial nuclear power stations started operation in the 1950s.
- According to WNA- IAEA,there are 440 Nuclear reactors operating in the world as
of 01.07.2011, these reactors have the capacity of 376,442 MWe nuclear generation
including 4982 MWe generated by Taiwan.
- 16 countries in the world depend on nuclear power for at least a quarter of their
electricity.
- Nuclear Power had been enjoying a Renaissance in the 21st century as the Chernobyl
and Three Mile Radioactive incidents faded from public memory.
- Nuclear Energy has massive uses in medical and other applications. This cannot be
substituted by other means at all.
- China is the principal driver of growth constructing reactors at a rapid clip to
meet its growing needs with thermal power fast reaching a saturation point.
- 56 countries operate a total of about 250 research reactors and a further 180 nuclear
reactors power some 140 ships and submarines.
- The share of electricity produces from Nuclear reactors all over the world in 2010
was 14% of the total worlds electricity.
- Currently, only eight countries (Britain, China, India, USA, France, Russia, North
Korea, Pakistan) are known to have a nuclear weapons capability.
- The growth of nuclear power combined with the shift from carbon-heavy fuels such
as coal and oil to carbon-light gas contribute to the gradual ‘de-carbonization’
of the world energy system.
- Nuclear Power has come under assault in the aftermath of the Fukushima Nuclear Accident
with Nuclear becoming a four letter word.
Petroleum, in one form or another, has been used since ancient times, and is now
important across society, including in economy, politics and technology. The rise
in importance was mostly due to the invention of the internal combustion engine,
the rise in commercial aviation and the increasing use of plastic.
Petroleum is a fossil fuel which is often called as crude oil or oil. It can be
as thick as tar and as thin as water. It is called fossil fuel because it was formed
from the remains of dead plants and animals a million years ago which then turned
into sedimentary rock. As it was buried deeper and deeper for millions of years,
The enormous heat and pressure turned them into oil and gas.
The main composition of are carbon (93% – 97%), hydrogen (10% - 14%), nitrogen (0.1%
- 2%), oxygen (01.% - 1.5%) and sulphur (0.5% - 6%) with a few trace metals making
up a very small percentage of the petroleum composition.
There is a lot of energy in petroleum and is recovered mostly through drilling which
is then refined and separated it into different fuel like kerosene, heating oil,
gasoline etc. Petroleum was not made in span of time, it took millions of years
to form. Therefore, it is called a non-renewable energy.
Oil wells are drilled as deep as six miles into the earth to search for petroleum.
These wells can cost millions of dollars to drill and drilling is done because petroleum
is a valuable natural resource. The major use of petroleum is as a fuel which include
petrol, kerosene, diesel , butane, liquefied petroleum gas(LPG) etc. There are also
certain type of product from petroleum which are used in different aspect of life
such as
- Plastic which is used in almost everywhere like in cars,houses,toys,computers and
clothing.
- Asphalt used in road construction.
- Synthetic rubber in the tires.
- Paraffin wax ,as do fertilizers, pesticides, herbicides, detergents, phonograph
records, photographic film, furniture, packaging materials, surfboards, paints and
carpet backing.
- Helium, sulfur and other valuable materials are produced from oil wells along with
petroleum itself.
Advantages
- No other energy source can move vehicles with greater speed at longer distances
than oil.
- Create jobs for the local economy.
- Use in cars, convert into electricity, plastics, wax, sulfur, asphalt.
Disadvantages
- Oil is non-renewable, which mean it will eventually run out.
- Burning oil pollute the environment by releasing CO2 and other toxic
- Burning oil releases green house gases, which contribute to global warming
- Oil companies need to build big oil rigs to extract oil offshore and inshore
- Oil leaks may occur which result in environmental disaster by killing wild life,
disturbing the biodiversity of that area and it take years for cleanup.
- Extracting oil from sand takes a lot of water.
- Drilling for oil is unpredictable; it takes a lot of time to search for oil.
- It is expensive and dangerous to transport oil.
Around 1890, Indian petroleum industry started in the north-eastern region of India
in a placed called Digboi, Assam. Later after independence, Bombay high was discovered.
During this time Indian Petroleum Industry was entirely sate sponsored and was under
the management of all the industries involved in it were entirely with the government.
The whole scenario of Petroleum Industry was changed after the inception of Liberalization-Privatization-Globalization
policy in 1991. The Government allowed privatization as well as government-private
joint ventures. Due to the new policy India had witness a rate of growth in economy
along with the rate of growth of energy consumption.
Today, India had seen a growth in petroleum industry by contributing 15% of the
total GDP over a year and steadily emerged as an international destination for oil
refinining with investment requirement lesser by 25% - 50% as compared to its Asian
counterparts. Being the fifth biggest worldwide nation in context of distillation
capacity, India enjoys 3% of the international capacity share. To move ahead in
making its presence felt strongly in the global market, Indian petroleum firms are
planning to raise their distillation capacity from the existing 149 mtpa to 243
mtpa by FY 2011-12.
The various production segment in India are:
- Refinery Production
- Natural Gas Production
- Crude Oil Production
India’s oil and natural gas field are located in offshore at Mumbai high, Krishna
Godavari Basin and Cauvery Delta. While, Assam, Gujarat and Rajasthan are mainly
an onshore field. India is also the largest consumer of oil in the world and the
big petroleum industry are mainly public sector such as Oil and Natural Gas Corporation
(ONGC), Hindustan Petroleum Corporation Limited (HPCL) and Indian OIL Corporation
Limited (IOCL). Reliance Industries Limited is one of the biggest private companies
in oil sector which had the largest oil refining complex.
People have used petroleum since ancient times. The ancient Chinese and Egyptians
burned oil to light their homes. Before the 1850s, Americans used whale oil to light
their homes. When whale oil became scarce, people skimmed the oil that seeped to
the surface of ponds and streams. The demand for oil grew, and in 1859, Edwin Drake
drilled the first oil well near Titusville, Pennsylvania. Since then it had become
the most important commodity in the whole world.
Industries in the world are depend on petroleum and fluctuation in price had greatly
effected the world economy due to this it became the main concern to all of the
nation. Oil accounts for a large percentage of the world's energy consumption, ranging
from a low of 32% for Europe and Asia, up to a high of 53% for the Middle East.
The world at large consumes 30 billion barrels (4.8 km³) of oil per year, and the
top oil consumers largely consist of developed nations.
About 100 countries produce crude oil and NGPL; the top five producing countries
in 2010, and their share of total world production are:
- Saudi Arabia (13%)
- Russia (12%)
- United States (9%)
- Iran (5%)
- China (5%)
After the fall of the Soviet Union, Saudi Arabia became the world’s top petroleum
producer.
Regarding Consumption, US is one of the top consumer of oil in the world till today.
Some of the top consuming nation are:
- United States
- China
- Japan
- India
- Russia
Petroleum would still play a vital role in many nation especially to the developing
nations where there is growth in industry like India and China.
India is endowed with rich solar energy resource. It receives the highest global
solar radiation on a horizontal surface. In most part clear sunny weather is experienced
250-300 days per year. The average intensity of solar radiation received on India
is 200 MW/km square. Rajasthan, Gujarat and parts of parts of Ladakh region receive
highest annual global variation. Besides Andra Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh and Maharastra
also receive fairly large amount of radiation. The first Indian solar thermal power
project (2X50MW) is in progress in Phalodi (Rajasthan), and is constructed by Corporate
Ispat Alloy Ltd. Some large projects have been proposed, and a 35,000 km² area of
the Thar Desert has been set aside for solar power projects, sufficient to generate
700 to 2,100 gigawatts. Of all the Indian state governments, Gujarat has taken bold
steps towards ‘solarizing’ the state the government is even offering 25-year fixed-rate
tariff contracts. Gujarat government has signed a MoU with Clinton Foundation to
build the world’s largest solar-power plant in the region. The 3,000-megawatt plant
near the border between India and Pakistan would be one of four planned by the initiative,
a William J. Clinton Foundation program to promote renewable energy. The project
is expected to cost Rs 20,000 crore (approximately $475-million).
India’s largest Photovoltaic (PV) Power Plants
|
Name of Plant
|
DC Peak Power (MW)
|
Notes
|
|
Sivaganga Photovoltaic Plant
|
5
|
Completed December 2010
|
|
Kolar Photovoltaic Plant]
|
3
|
Completed May 2010
|
|
Itnal Photovoltaic Plant, Belgaum
|
3
|
Completed April 2010
|
|
Azure Power - Photovoltaic Plant
|
2
|
2009
|
|
Jamuria Photovoltaic Plant
|
2
|
2009
|
|
NDPC Photovoltaic Plant
|
1
|
2010
|
|
Thyagaraj stadium Plant-Delhi
|
1
|
April, 2010
|
|
Gandhinagar Solar Plant
|
1
|
January 21, 2011
|
|
Tata - Mulshi, Maharashtra
|
3
|
Commissioned April 2011
|
|
Azure Power - Sabarkantha, Gujarat
|
10
|
Commissioned June 2011
|
|
Moser Baer - Patan, Gujarat[
|
30
|
To Be Commissioned July 2011
|
|
Tata - Mayiladuthurai, Tamil Nadu
|
1
|
Commissioned July 2011
|
|
REHPL - Sadeipali, (Bolangir) Orissa
|
1
|
Commissioned July 2011
|
|
TATA - Osmanabad, Maharastra
|
1
|
Commissioned 1st Aug 2011
|
|
Total
|
59
|
|
Solar PV generates electricity in well over 100 countries and continues to be the
fastest growing power-generation technology in the world. Between 2004 and 2009,
grid-connected PV capacity increased at an annual average rate of 60 percent. An
estimated 7 GW of grid-tied capacity was added in 2009, increasing the existing
total by 53 percent to some 21 GW (off-grid PV accounts for an additional 3–4 GW).
This was the largest volume of solar PV ever added in one year and came despite
a precipitous decline in the Spanish market relative to 2008. Solar PV accounted
for about 16 percent of all new electric power capacity additions in Europe in 2009.
Cumulative global PV installations are now nearly six times what they were at the
end of 2004. Analysts expect even higher growth in the next four to five years.
Thin film’s share of the global market increased from 14 percent in 2008 to 19 percent
in 2009 for cells, and from 16 to 22 percent for modules.
Germany again became the primary driver of PV installations, more than making up
for the Spanish gap with 3.8 GW added—about 54 percent of the global market. This
was far above Spain’s prior record-breaking addition of 2.4 GW in 2008, and brought
Germany’s capacity to 9.8 GW by the end of 2009, amounting to 47 percent of existing
global solar PV capacity. While Germany has played a major role in advancing PV
and driving down costs, its importance will decline as other countries step up their
demand and reduce the industry’s reliance on a single market.
After its record-breaking year in 2008, the Spanish PV market plummeted to an estimated
70 MW added in 2009, due to a cap on subsidies after the national solar target was
exceeded. But there were other sunny spots in Europe. Italy came in a distant second
after Germany, installing 710 MW and more than doubling its 2008 additions due to
high feed-in tariffs and a good national solar resource; such strong growth is expected
to continue. Japan reemerged as a serious player, coming in third with 485 MW installed
after reinstating residential rebates and introducing a buyback program for residential
rooftop systems.
India’s largest Photovoltaic (PV) Power Plants
The United States added an estimated 470 MW of solar PV in 2009, including 40 MW
of off-grid PV, bringing cumulative capacity above the 1 GW mark. California accounted
for about half of the total, followed by New Jersey with 57 MW added; several other
states are expected to pass the 50 MW per year mark in the near future. Residential
installations came to 156 MW, a doubling from 2008 thanks in part to removal of
the $2,000 cap on the federal Investment Tax Credit and to a 10 percent drop in
installed costs relative to 2008.
Other strong markets included the Czech Republic, which saw a nine fold increase
in total capacity relative to 2008—to 411 MW. The country installed more new PV
per capita than any other country except Germany. It was followed by Belgium (292
MW), France (185 MW, with another 100 MW not grid-connected by year-end), and China
(160 MW).
The trend toward large-scale (greater than 200 kilowatt) PV plants continued around
the globe, with the number of such plants exceeding 3,200 in 2009, up from roughly
2,450 the previous year. These facilities totaled some 5.8 GW of capacity, more
than five times the 2007 capacity, and accounted for more than a quarter of existing
global PV capacity by year-end. The majority of these plants are operating in Spain,
Germany, and the United States, although an increasing number are being installed
in Asia and elsewhere. A 950 kW system in Cagayan de Oro City in the Philippines
is reportedly the largest in any developing country. And a 250 kW system outside
of Kigali in Rwanda is the largest grid-connected PV system in sub-Saharan Africa.
In the Middle East, installation of Saudi Arabia’s first and largest PV system (2
MW) on the roof of King Abdullah University of Science and Technology was completed
in May 2010.
Even as the average size of PV projects increases, there is growing interest in
very small-scale, off-grid systems, particularly in developing countries. These
systems account for only some 5 percent of the global market, but sales and total
capacity have increased steadily since the early 1980s. In Africa, Asia, and Latin
America, the hunger for modern energy is driving the use of PV for mini-grid or
gridless systems, which in many instances are already at price parity with fossil
fuels. Several hundred megawatts of off-grid PV continue to be added globally every
year, in both developed and developing countries.
Global capacity—all in the United States and Spain—increased more than 70 percent
between 2005 and the end of 2009, from 354 MW (all in the U.S. state of California)
to about 610 MW, and had nearly doubled by March 2010 to 662 MW. Although the United
States still accounted for 65 percent of total installations by early 2010, the
Spanish market has driven most of the growth over the past few years. From March
2009 to March 2010, Spain added 220 MW of new CSP, for a total of 231 MW in operation,
while the U.S. market grew only 7 MW, for a total of 431 MW.
Dramatic changes are expected, however, and the United States will likely soon lead
the global marketplace once again. At least two new U.S. facilities are expected
to come on line in 2010, totaling more than 200 MW. And more than 8 GW of additional
capacity is expected in six states, with most to be operational by 2014. Worldwide,
another 2.4 GW of capacity was being built or was under contract by early 2010;
Spain accounted for the vast majority of this additional capacity.
CSP is entering new markets as well. Small plants and research projects are currently
under way in France, Germany, and elsewhere in Europe, and Italy could have 200
MW online by 2012. A 100 MW commercial plant is planned in Abu Dhabi in the United
Arab Emirates, and plants are under construction in Algeria, Egypt, and Morocco
(20 MW each, all parabolic trough hybrid plants with natural gas) in connection
with the Mediterranean Solar Plan. In late 2009, financing was approved to help
fund nearly 1 GW of capacity and associated transmission infrastructure in North
Africa by 2020, and the Moroccan government announced plans to build 2 GW of CSP
by 2020. In early 2010, a deal was signed for at least 2 GW to be constructed in
China by 2020, with installation of the first 92 MW to begin in 2010.
The vast majority of CSP plants in operation rely on parabolic trough technology.
But two power-tower plants went on line in 2009—a 20 MW plant in Spain, in addition
to a previously existing 11 MW plant, and a 5 MW plant in California—and a 1.5 MW
dish/engine plant began operating in Arizona in early 2010. Nearly half of the capacity
in construction or under contract will use linear Fresnel, dish/engine, or power-tower
technology. Storage technologies are also advancing. During 2009, the Andosol-I
and Andosol-II trough plants in Spain both began operation with seven hours of thermal
energy storage, which allow continued power generation after sundown, and Abengoa
Solar’s thermal energy storage test facility was operational.
Wind energy is the kinetic energy associated with the movement of atmospheric air.
It is the kinetic energy of air in motion. Winds are created by the sun's uneven
heating of the atmosphere in combination with the irregular surface of the earth
and the earth's rotation. The most striking characteristic of the wind resource
is its availability.
The wind is highly variable both geographically and temporarily. Furthermore this
availability persists over a very wide range of scales both in space and time. The
total amount of economically extractable power available from the wind is considerably
more than present human power use from all sources. The most comprehensive study
as of 2005 found the potential of wind power on land and near-shore to be 72 TW,
equivalent to 54,000 MToE / year, or over five times the world's current energy
use in all forms.
The terms "wind energy" or "wind power" describe the process by which the wind is
used to generate mechanical power or electricity. Wind is one of the most important
sources of energy. It has been used for thousands of years as a source of energy.
Wind turbines convert the kinetic energy in the wind into mechanical power. This
mechanical power can be used for specific tasks (such as grinding grain or pumping
water) or a generator can convert this mechanical power into electricity to power
homes, businesses, schools, and the like.
In 2010 39.4 GW of new wind turbine capacity were installed bringing the world wide
total installed wind capacity to almost 200 GW. The total value of new generation
equipment installed in 2010 is estimated to be about € 40 billion. China moved to
the first place, followed by the United States, Germany, Spain, India, Italy, France,
United Kingdom, Canada and Denmark. With almost 19 GW of new installations, China
had about 50% market share of new installations. The total installed wind capacity
at the end of 2010 can produce about 440 TWh(Terawatthours) of electricity or about
2.2% of the global electricity demand.
According to World Wind Energy Report 2010 Asia accounted for the largest share
of new installations (54.6 %), followed by Europe (27.0 %) and North America (16.7
%) while Latin America (1.2 %) and Africa (0.4 %) still played only a marginal role
in new installations.
Top 10 countries by wind power capacity(2010)
|
Country
|
Windpower capacity (MW)
|
|
China
|
44,733
|
|
United States
|
40180
|
|
Germany
|
27,215
|
|
Spain
|
20,676
|
|
India
|
13,066
|
|
Italy
|
5,797
|
|
France
|
5,660
|
|
United Kingdom
|
5,204
|
|
Canada
|
4,008
|
|
Denmark
|
3,734
|
Wind power development in India began in the year 1990. India is the fifth largest
installed wind capacity in the world with an annual power production of 8,896 MW.
The wind manufacturing space has grown steadily in India with about 7.5GW of manufacturing
capacity in India today which is expected to reach about 10.5GW in 2012-13. As of
31 March 2011 the installed capacity of wind power in India was 14550 MW, mainly
spread across Tamil Nadu, Maharashtra, Gujarat, Karnataka, Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh,
Andhra Pradesh, Kerala, Orissa, West Bengal and other states
|
State
|
Windpower capacity (MW)
|
|
Tamil Nadu
|
6007
|
|
Maharashtra
|
2310.70
|
|
Gujarat
|
2175.60
|
|
Karnataka
|
1730.10
|
|
Rajasthan
|
1524.70
|
|
Madhya Pradesh
|
275.50
|
|
Andhra Pradesh
|
200.20
|
|
Kerala
|
32.832.8
|
|
Orissa
|
2
|
|
West Bengal
|
1.1
|
|
other states
|
3.20
|
Wind turbine generator (WTG) capacity addition in India has taken place at a CAGR19
of 24.67% for the period of 1992-2010. The installed capacity increased from a modest
base of 41.3 MW in 1992 to reach 13,065.78 MW by December 2010. The official installation
figures show that amongst the states, Tamil Nadu ranks the highest both in terms
of installed capacity and in terms of energy generation from wind, with shares of
41.8% and 53.4% respectively. Other states like Gujarat, Maharashtra and Rajasthan
have seen significant growth in wind capacity over the last four to five years,
also due to a stable policy and regulatory regime. Wind power accounts for 6% of
India's total installed power capacity, and it generates 1.6% of the country's power.
|
-
Watch "Elephant in the Market Place"
-
Watch "IPPAI Power Awards 2012"
-
Bihar CM Shri Nitish Kumar speaks at IPPAI Conference - Development of the Power Sector in Bihar
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Mr. Harry Dhaul, Director General, IPPAI speaks at IPPAI Conference - Development of the Power Sector in Bihar
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Mr. N K Singh, MP, Rajya Sabha speaks at IPPAI Conference - Development of the Power Sector in Bihar
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Dr. Pramod Deo, Chairman, CERC speaks at IPPAI Conference - Development of the Power Sector in Bihar
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